Hanwha Corporation showcased six products including two new automatic lathes in the International Manufacturing Technology Show 2016 (IMTS), one of the world’s largest machine tool exhibitions, from September 12th to 17th in Chicago, U.S., and.
Over two thousand companies from more than 100 countries around the world participated in IMTS 2016. Hanwha Corporation used the exhibition as a platform for attracting leading dealers in the Americas and Europe. Hanwha also took advantage of the exhibition as an opportunity to promote it’s core products to potential customers visiting the show.

The six automatic lathes exhibited at the show included the XD Series (XD12III-H, XD42N, XD38II-H) and the turret-type STL38H. The XD42N is Hanwha’s first automatic lathe to display at an international exhibition. It has an upgraded design ideal for heavy cutting while ensuring high levels of rigidity. The lathe was previously on display at the 17th Seoul International Manufacturing Technology Show (SIMTOS 2016) held in April.

The XD12III-H is a new model improving on the features of its predesscor, the XD12II-H. Both models, however, demonstrate Hanwha’s leading technological prowess in the large and compact automatic lathe markets.

Hanwha Corporation launched its machine tools division in 1977, and developed Korea’s first automatic lathe in 1983. The company’s continuous R&D has allowed it to maintain a strong lead in Korea’s CNC automatic lathe market, and the company plans to begin actively expanding into overseas markets.

Machine tools are machines for manufacturing mechanical components; they are often called “machines that make machines;” machine tools form the basic foundation of the machine industry.

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) automatic lathes are designed for mass production. CNC lathes are system machining tools that are driven by computerized control. CNCs are indispensable “one-stop” tools used from fabricating materials to final production across numerous industries including automobiles, electric and electronics, medical equipment, and mobile devices.

Automatic lathes XD Series includes XD12III-H, XD42N, XD38II-H

• XD12III-H: 12-guage model, XD Series
• XD42N: 42-guage model, XD Series

Turret type is a type of automatic lathe that resembles the turret of a tank that rotates to machine the product, allowing the lathe to perform a wide range of operations to suit various material types.

OPEN MIND Technologies USA looks back on a very successful appearance at IMTS. Visitors at the International Manufacturing Technology Show were dazzled by the hyperMILL MAXX Machining performance package. Machining experts from a wide range of industries were impressed by the enormous time savings offered by the strategies for roughing, finishing and drilling.

The 5-axis tangent plane machining strategy with conical barrel cutters received a great deal of attention. OPEN MIND went beyond its usual sphere of activities in order to develop this innovative method of machining, which results in time savings of 90 per cent in practice. The machining strategy uses a new type of conical barrel cutter that features exceptionally large radius of up to 1,000 millimetres, enabling milling with large step-over distances. The visitors were also very interested in our demonstrations at the CAM workstations, which presented the machining options provided by the performance package’s roughing and drilling strategies.

The 5-axis-optimised rest material roughing strategy also attracted a lot of attention. High-speed cutting (HSC) allows optimised toolpaths to be generated for rest material machining, based on a preceding roughing operation.

With abundant opportunities for growth in the North American manufacturing market, Makino is set to demonstrate the latest machining and automation solutions to keep businesses thriving at the 2016 International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS), Sept. 12-17, at McCormick Place in Chicago. In booth S-8700 of the South Hall, attendees can experience how Makino’s latest machining centers and engineering solutions merge to create adaptive automation systems for any market or production demand, including automotive, die/mold, aerospace, medical and general production markets.

“The demand to reduce costs in today’s hypercompetitive manufacturing climate is relentless and requires North American manufacturers to invest in the highest degree of engineering and advanced technologies,” said Don Lane, president and CEO of Makino Inc. “At IMTS 2016, Makino will demonstrate how the application of human ingenuity within automation can alleviate these downward cost pressures and unlock new potential for companies to gain a competitive edge and thrive. We encourage all visitors to the Makino booth to meet with our industry-leading application and system engineers to see how Makino’s adaptive automation solutions can enable companies to prosper through the ups and downs that we continue to face in the global economy.”

All-New Products and Proven Technologies
During IMTS 2016, Makino plans to unveil a variety of all-new machine technologies. The new versions of the a51nx and a61nx horizontal machining centers provide expanded machining capacity through several productivity-enhancing features, including vision broken tool detection, enhanced levels of inertia active control and Geometric Intelligence technologies. Expanding capability and productivity for midsize part applications, IMTS 2016 will also mark the introduction of the new a71nx, a high-speed 50 taper, 500mm horizontal machining center with a standard direct-drive NC rotary table and other nx-Series next-generation technologies.

Makino is prepared to demonstrate several new vertical machining platforms as well. The L2 vertical machining center provides high-volume, small-part production capability using a minimal footprint, while the processing speeds of the new DA300 5-axis vertical machining center reduce manufacturing time and the pallet pool system helps shrink setups and keep work flowing across the spindle quickly and efficiently.

In addition, some of Makino’s proven technologies such as the EDAF3 sinker EDM machine with Hyper-i control shows faster servo speeds in multi-axis machining and features an on-board Alicona measuring system. The U6 H.E.A.T. wire EDM machine is set to demonstrate its on-board CAM software and easy part setup using offline part loading and a manual shuttle system. The EDBV8 EDM hole drill is going to be on hand to showcase fast hole-drilling for blade and vane machining.

Finally, the aerospace theater is streaming video of the T-series 5-axis horizontal machining centers built for titanium aerospace machining.

Human Ingenuity Meets Automation
There’s no doubt that automation helps companies reduce costs and increase throughput to remain globally competitive. Makino’s booth is designed to demonstrate a variety of automation systems, as detailed below:

– A Makino Machining Complex (MMC2) pallet-handling system with an a61nx-5E 5-axis horizontal machining center showcases high-mix, low-volume production with improved machine utilization and exceptionally high material-removal rates.

– The a51nx-5xu 5-axis horizontal machining center, designed with a unique work-holding magazine and large-tool magazine, can perform continuous 5-axis machining unattended for extended hours in both high-mix, low-volume and low-mix, high-volume production environments.

– A custom, automated system includes the newly updated a51nx horizontal machine with 60-tool magazine and EROWA robot multi-ERM system.

– The J3 horizontal machining center with stacked axes design enables it to be easily and reliably integrated into high-volume automation concepts. Two machines are included in this cell to demonstrate serial processing of repetitive, high-volume parts.

– A die/mold automation cell featuring an EDNC6 sinker EDM and V33i-5XB 5-axis vertical machining center with an EROWA ERC is set up to demonstrate low-volume, high-mix production of mold components while achieving utilization rates approaching 85 percent.

– The a40 high-performance horizontal machining center with overhead gantry system performs high-volume, parallel processing of small, nonferrous, die-cast parts.

Manufacturers are certainly using these automation tools to improve productivity, reduce costs and produce quality parts, but there is potential to deliver even better efficiency through an enterprise connected by the Internet of Things (IoT). Learn how this technology is changing the factory floor and is expected to serve up disruption as well as opportunity over the next few years.

Lunch & Learn Sessions
In addition to the demonstrations and displays at IMTS, Makino plans to host Lunch & Learn events throughout the week. Each session includes presentations from Makino customers discussing real-world manufacturing challenges, and how they applied technology to their operations to become more competitive and more profitable. Lunch & Learn presentations offer relevant information to attendees from a wide array of industries and manufacturing environments, including automotive, aerospace, medical, die and mold, and more. This year’s guest presentations currently include Tennessee Tool & Engineering (Oak Ridge, Tenn.), Turbine Technologies (Farmington, Conn.) and Dynamic NC (Rose Hill, Kan.).

Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence North America today announced its Integrated Solutions Business group will unveil a new-to-the-market Automation solution at IMTS (International Manufacturing Technology Show) 2016, McCormick Place, Chicago, IL from 12 to 16 September 2016. This groundbreaking series of data-driven solutions will feature robotics integrated with world-class metrology technologies. The specialized product line enables on-demand access to real-time factory floor data for predictive manufacturing in Industry 4.0 environments.

Hexagon will also highlight recently introduced products that will be demonstrated throughout the week. The new product lineup at IMTS includes the portable ROMER Absolute Arm 77 Series, the Leica Absolute Scanner LAS-20-8 laser scanner, the ultra-fast BLAZE 600M blue light scanner, the AICON PrimeScan scanner line, the GLOBAL Advantage HTA (High Throughput & Accuracy) designed for aerospace compression blade measurement, and the GLOBAL EVO coordinate measuring machine (CMM) created in collaboration with the internationally-renowned industrial design house Pininfarina. In addition, Hexagon will exhibit its full complement of software, hardware, and accessories that are shaping smart change in manufacturing worldwide.

In Booth E-5202, Hexagon will also showcase a full-sized Airbus EC130 Helicopter and an official racecar from Hendrick Motorsports, winner of a record 11 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series championships. Hexagon partners in collaborative technology development and problem solving with Hendrick Motorsports’ engineering team.

Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence helps industrial manufacturers develop the disruptive technologies of today and the life-changing products of tomorrow. As a leading metrology and manufacturing solution specialist, our expertise in sensing, thinking and acting – the collection, analysis and active use of measurement data – gives our customers the confidence to increase production speed and accelerate productivity while enhancing product quality.

Through a network of local service centres, production facilities and commercial operations across five continents, we are shaping smart change in manufacturing to build a world where quality drives productivity.

Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence is part of Hexagon, a leading global provider of information technologies that drive productivity and quality across geospatial and industrial enterprise applications.

Hexagon’s solutions integrate sensors, software, domain knowledge and customer workflows into intelligent information ecosystems that deliver actionable information. They are used in a broad range of vital industries.

Hexagon (Nasdaq Stockholm: HEXA B) has more than 16,000 employees in 46 countries and net sales of approximately 3.0bn EUR.

BIG KAISER is continuing down the path of digital tooling innovation with the introduction of the EWD EVO, a digital boring head designed with a single goal in mind—making the life of an operator as easy as possible. It will be synched with the new BIG KAISER smartphone and tablet app, which was developed to enhance user friendliness while assembling and running BIG KAISER boring tools. Not only will users be able to read the cutting diameter change, but the app will also help operators determine optimal cutting parameters from their tool assemblies. The app will also log historical adjustments for all tools ever synched with it, a critical piece for shops joining the smart manufacturing movement.

BIG KAISER’s parent company, BIG Daishowa Seiki, is celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2016, and will be showcasing many new innovations around the globe this year. One is the expansion of the Smart Damper series of tool holders, which now includes a solution that can be applied to lathe applications. The Smart Damper boring bar features three modular insert holders, optimized for I.D. turning with common inserts.

The HSK-E25 lineup of tool holders is also expanding to now include BIG Daishowa’s high precision, low runout Hydraulic Chucks. Available in Ø3 and Ø4mm clamping diameters, these holders are the perfect solution for precision finish milling work on ultra-high speed spindles on machines with small work envelopes.

These new Hydraulic Chucks will be shown in action at booth W-1600 on one of the two machining centers at BIG KAISER’s booth. The 5-Axis GF Microlution 5100-S will be fully operational, and equipped with a 50,000 RPM HSK-E25 spindle, loaded with precision micro milling, engraving and drilling tools from Sphinx – including the new 80xD micro drill.

The Speroni Futura has undergone a significant enhancement with the introduction of pneumatic quick-change spindle adapters. To switch spindle adapters, the current design requires manual locking/unlocking of the spindle, which can be cumbersome and requires two hands. Now, with the touch of a button, the pneumatic quick-change system allows for fast, easy, one-handed exchange of adapters.

The focus at IMTS for BIG KAISER’s Unilock Zero-Point workholding will be the plethora of new multi-axis workholding solutions. The new modular solutions locate and stabilize workpieces without obstructing access to the sides and top of the part. They also allow a clamped workpiece to be flipped into new orientations for subsequent operations without unclamping it.

Doosan Machine Tools America, a machine tool builder with one of the broadest product lines in the industry, will have an ample selection of them at IMTS 2016, in booth S-9100. The company will conduct demonstrations of their latest equipment in the categories of Vertical Machining Centers, Horizontal Machining Centers, Turning Centers, Mill-Turn Centers, and Pallet Systems. Among the newest machines that will be highlighted at the show include:

The Lynx 2100 series of high productivity turning centers has evolved from its popular Lynx 220 series. An “M” version in the series offers milling capabilities offering the convenience, accuracy, and productivity that one setup machining provides. “We believe this machine will generate a lot of interest at the show,” said Shane Richards – Product Support Manager, Turning Centers. “It’s a robust, compact package of power ideal for machining valves, shafts, gears, flanges, housings, bolts, and other metal parts up to a maximum turning diameter of 350 mm (13.8 in.) and length of 550 mm (21.7 in.).”

Offering the largest work area in its class, the Lynx 2100 series also includes a wider support structure for X and Z axes and tailstock traverse. The X and Z axes are fitted with highly rigid roller-type guideways. The Lynx 2100’s powerful 15kW (20 hp) motor provides ample power for turning outer and inner surfaces and U-drilling. The high power / high torque 6000 rpm turning spindle (with 6-inch chuck) 169 Nm (8-inch chuck) (124.7 ft.-lbs.) motor supports high precision and heavy-duty cutting. The sub-spindle function, also 6000 rpm, enables back-end machining of the workpiece. Full C-axis 0.001-degree control is included to optimize the capabilities of the machine. The M model is fitted with Doosan’s BMT 45P 12-station turret to provide superior performance for milling operations. The turret uses an air/oil cooling system to minimize negative thermal effects.

Doosan has evolved its popular and field-proven “DNM” series of vertical machining centers and will demonstrate them at IMTS 2016. According to Ron Kilgore, Doosan’s General Manager – Inside Sales, the new series is the third generation of this particular VMC line and he expects much interest in it at the show. “Some of the aspects of the new VMCs to highlight are that we’ve stepped up the speed with faster spindle acceleration and deceleration rates. We’ve also upgraded the Doosan Fanuc OiMF control, which provides quicker processing speed. Rigid roller guideways and a new grease-based lubrication system that requires a refill only every 3 – 6 months rather than every few days with oil, which cuts down on a customer’s time, expenses and also improves the factory environment and disposal issues. We also have applied a cyclone coolant filter, which eliminates changing the conventional bag-type, which is easy to forget to do and problems can ensue. The new DNM VMCs are general purpose, workhorse machines for customers who need robust and accurate performance. In fact, we refer to them as the ‘Global Standard’.”

The new DNM series is comprised of three machines, the DNM 4500, 5700, and 6700, stepped up in size and capacity. In general the series offers larger cutting space by 6%, bigger table sizes by 14% and heavier loads by 25% while maintaining the same overall footprint as the previous generation. For the three models, the X-axis travel is 800 mm (31.5 in.), 1050 mm (41.3 in.), and 1300 mm (51 in.). Y-axis is 450 mm (17.7 in.), 570 mm (22.4 in.), and 670 mm (26.4 in.). Z-axis is 510 mm (20 in.), 510 mm (20 in.), and 625 mm (24.6 in.).

The recently introduced PUMA VTR1216 wide column, ram-type vertical turning center will also be on tap at IMTS 2016. The series is comprised of the PUMA VTR1216 and the PUMA VTR1216M, which is equipped with an additional spindle for milling, providing convenient, efficient mill-turn capabilities on one machine tool platform. Both machines offer a number of productivity enhancing features. The one-piece bed with dual chip conveyers greatly improves chip handling and reduces downtime for manual chip removal. Up to four tools can be mounted in quad holders that can be integrated into the tool magazines with capacities available from 12 to 34 stations, increasing the number of total tools for automatic selection and reducing the tool change time while improving productivity. Main table speeds of 60 hp – 400 rpm and live spindle speeds of 20 hp – 3000 RPM (VTR1216M) offer the power and speeds needed to fully take advantage of today’s cutting tool technology.

According to Bob Baldizzi, Technical Sales Specialist for Doosan’s large machines, “IMTS attendees will want to see the new Pumas because they are the world’s first vertical turning centers with a turning tool indexing system. The system provides 90 degree indexing on turning tools, making it possible to mount four different turning tools on each holder. The result is significantly reduced average tool change times and increased tool capacity for resulting in shorter cycle times and fewer set-ups between operations.”

One of the main benefits of the single, wide column design is that it provides full X-axis travel distances allowing machining and probing on both sides of the workpiece and a 1,200 mm (47.2 in.) Z-axis travel. Both machines in the series provide a cutting capacity of 1,700 mm (67 in.) in diameter and 1,250 mm (49.2 in.) in height. The cutting envelope is 125% larger than its predecessor.

Both models are built to offer heavy roughing and accurate finishing. The VTR 1216 and VTR 1216M are designed and built with long service life in mind with
17,600 lbs. (8,000 kgf) load capacity main tables, cross roller bearings, a curvic coupling tool holder interface providing 17,600 lbs. (8,000 kgf) of tool clamping force, a dual pinion C-axis (VTR1216M), and rigid construction design and materials.

Doosan will also show several automation options in its line, such as the various pallet systems that can be integrated with its machining centers. Slated for IMTS 2016 is the company’s “LPSII” linear pallet system, which will be fully functioning with its high performance HP 5100II horizontal machining center.

“We classify this system as ‘compact’ with a 12-pallet capacity serving one machine,” said Jim Im, Doosan’s Engineering Manager – Machining Centers. “We offer more extensive systems – some with up to 72 pallets. We designed the LPSII compact system with floor space concerns in mind. Many of our customers want to boost productivity but can’t add real estate so we wanted to be sure to bring this particular system to IMTS. Customers are generally surprised at how simple it is to integrate with one of our newer horizontal machining centers out in the field. Installation only takes about 5 days. It adds a remarkable level of continuous production, particularly for those customers who are new to the concept. Training for the system is less than two days.”

At IMTS, Mazak will unveil its new VARIAXIS i-800T Multi-Tasking Machine developed specifically to enhance milling operations and significantly boost productivity – especially for those manufacturers in the aerospace industry. With full 5-axis milling and turning capabilities along with integrated liquid nitrogen cryogenics technology, the machine not only delivers high processing efficiency for complex aerospace components, but also prevents the detrimental white layers typically generated when machining those parts from tough materials such as titanium, nickel, Invar and other exotics

Along with the VARIAXIS i-800T, Mazak will showcase a host of new high-level developments in full digital factory integration, smart technology and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) connectivity as well as other new machining and automation systems in booth S-8300.

At IMTS, Mazak will demonstrate the VARIAXIS i-800T cutting an aerospace jet-engine blisk. The machine will feature an 80-tool magazine for continuous uninterrupted productivity and a 10,000-rpm, CAT-50 spindle for milling speed and power. The machine’s trunnion-style tilting table and multi-tasking capability allows users to reduce the inaccuracies that occur when moving parts across multiple workstations, eliminate work-in-process inventory and increase overall throughput.

With added cryogenics, the VARIAXIS i-800T also significantly increases cutting tool life in addition to eliminating part surface white layers. Mazak’s cryogenics freeze cutting tools from the inside out and keeps their cutting tips/edges in a frozen state while workpiece materials remain in an ambient one. In doing so, absolutely zero heat or thermal affects transfer into workpieces so that they maintain their base material integrity. The system also facilitates faster machining speeds and feeds, helps prevent burrs and contributes to the reduction of overall cost per part because processes to remove white layers become unnecessary.

“As with all Mazak technology, we developed the VARIAXIS i-800T with cryogenics to accomplish one key objective – further improve the performance and productivity of our customer’s overall part processing operations,” said Dan Janka, executive vice president at Mazak. “And we collaborated with cryogenics pioneer company 5ME to ensure our particular system would truly enhance machining operations and benefit our customers. And we’ve succeeded.”

Janka added that aerospace manufacturers stand to save millions of dollars with the elimination of the processes, intense labor and capital equipment currently involved with the removal of white layers from parts after they have been machined.

At IMTS, NUM will be demonstrating an exciting new development in CNC hardware and software technology that brings simple conversational style programming to CNC milling machines.

This will be the first public showing of the new NUMmill control solution and is likely to be of  special interest to CNC milling machine manufacturers and control retrofitters. Available as a fully scalable control system, it is suitable for a wide range of precision milling applications in markets as diverse as metal cutting, woodworking, plastic, and high precision machining.

NUMmill provides a complete ‘off-the-shelf’ solution and offers an extensive suite of canned cycles, ranging from simple centre drilling, boring and  threading through to pocket cycles and complex profile milling cycles. All with 3D simulation for pre-process verification.

NUM will also be showing a number of its latest generation CNC products at IMTS. These include new additions to its renowned NUMgear portfolio of CNC gear production solutions, such as a highly flexible electronic gearbox function that produces superb accuracy at extreme cutting speeds, a new conversational style user interface for cylindrical and surface grinding – with 3D simulation – and the latest edition of the company’s MTConnect interface which simplifies the integration of CNC machine tools with third party manufacturing software.

Company to unveil groundbreaking innovations designed to drive the industry’s future

The stage is set for Mazak Corporation to raise the manufacturing technology bar at IMTS. In booth S-8300, the company will demonstrate a host of new high-level developments in full digital factory integration, smart technology and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) connectivity – in addition to new machining and automation systems – all of which will prepare manufacturers for the next industrial revolution.

Mazak’s SMOOTH Technology platform incorporates advanced manufacturing cells and systems that are revolutionizing part manufacturing processes through smart machines, big data, sophisticated analytics and the IIoT. At IMTS, Mazak will feature new enhancements that boost the computing power and intelligence of its SmartBox digital integration launch platform. The company will also demonstrate the user-friendly programming capabilities and processing speed of its MAZATROL SmoothX and MAZATROL SmoothG CNC controls. These controls are part of the SMOOTH Technology platform, which has transformed the way Mazak equipment performs, especially in terms of 5-axis and complex contouring operations.

Mazak will also show over 20 highly advanced manufacturing cells and systems. Among these will be the company’s latest developments in multi-tasking and 5-axis machine tools with enhanced single-setup, DONE IN ONE® part-processing capabilities crucial for tomorrow’s smart factories. Additionally, the company will unveil the next generation of its HYBRID Multi-Tasking technology, along with new software and accessories that give such multi-tasking machines even more functionality and multiple-process power.

“This year will mark the largest amount of advanced technologies we’ve ever brought to IMTS,” said Brian Papke, president of Mazak. “Our booth will be the premiere destination for show attendees who are committed to achieving the highest possible productivity through digital integration and smart manufacturing.”

Mazak will demonstrate various types and levels of smart factory automation at IMTS. These include gantry systems, robotics and other loading devices that provide the flexibility to adapt to different types of machine tools as well as changing part processing requirements.

Mazak’s new TOOLTECH compact tool magazine for automated tool changing will be making its debut in the booth. TOOLTECH stores big, heavy and large-diameter tools within a very small amount of required floor space. And as a shop’s tooling needs increase, TOOLTECH’s storage capacity can easily expand to as many as five levels and the capacity to hold 250 tools.

All the new and advanced machining and automation systems in the Mazak IMTS booth will be under power and running real-world part demonstrations. Applications experts from Mazak and the company’s Value Inspired Partners (VIP) program will also be on hand during the demonstrations to discuss total manufacturing solutions and part-processing improvements.

Later this spring, Mazak will launch a special IMTS microsite with more extensive booth news and information. Keep an eye on MazakUSA.com for additional updates.

CAM/CAD specialist OPEN MIND received a number of detailed inquiries and enjoyed a great deal of positive feedback on presentations held at its exhibition booth at the International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago. Over the six days at a trade show, over 40% more interested parties took advantage of the opportunity to view the hyperMILL® CAM solutions than two years ago.

Over 114,000 visitors attended the event, and the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT), the organiser of IMTS, announced that it was one of the most successful trade fairs in recent years. OPEN MIND confirms this success. “This year’s IMTS was our most successful one in the past ten years. We received a lot of detailed inquiries. Many visitors asked about how it’s possible to increase productivity using hyperMILL®,” says Alan Levine, Managing Director of OPEN MIND USA. The strong partnerships with different machine and tool manufacturers also paid off. Many visitors stopped by at the OPEN MIND booth after viewing live processing demonstrations on a CNC machine. At Hermle, a woman’s high heel shoe was milled from solid stock on a C32U machining centre. This shoe proved to be a special attraction at the OPEN MIND booth. Like at many other global trade fairs, a motorcross helmet attracted the attention of visitors. And OPEN MIND also displayed the recently developed Puzzle Ball.

The positive atmosphere on the market is reflected in the inquiries and demonstrations of the new features of the CAM/CAD hyperMILL® solution. The extensions in hyperCAD®-S were particularly interesting. The ‘Deformation’ module now offers the option to deform geometries in a targeted manner. This powerful tool allows the modification of component areas, which is otherwise only possible with elaborate modelling techniques.